Muscle biopsy: what and why and when?

Biopsy of renal masses: when and why

Percutaneous image-guided biopsy of renal masses is a safe and accurate procedure. Although once reserved for the diagnosis of unresectable renal cell carcinoma, metastases, lymphoma, and infection, today percutaneous image-guided biopsy has an expanded role. There is increasing awareness that a substantial proportion of small, solid renal masses are benign neoplasms. Although imaging can be us...

What shutdowns , why and when ?

نقدی بر کتاب History: What and Why?

نوشتار حاضر به نقد و بررسی کتاب تاریخ: چیستی و چرایی آن، نوشته بِوِرلی ساوث گیت اختصاص دارد. در این مقاله نشان داده ایم که این اثر نه یک کتاب اجتهادی و نوآورانه، که صرفاً یک متن درسی تألیفی است در باب یکی از مهم‌ترین پرسش­های فلسفه تاریخ، یعنی این پرسش که آیا تاریخ از عینیت برخوردار است یا نه؟ مولف به خوبی توانسته است دیدگاه متقدمان و متأخران، یعنی متفکران باستان و متفکران بعد از عصر روشنگری را تب...

Application of qualitative research in management (why, when and how)

Application of qualitative research in management (why, when and how) Qualitative research has been increasingly used in all sciences. In this paper we will discuss about the applications of qualitative research methods in management sciences. The differences between quantitative and qualitative researches will be clarified and the statistical methods which are suitable for such researches will...

Supersymmetry: what? why? when?

This article is a colloquium-level review of the idea of supersymmetry and why so many physicists expect it to soon be a major discovery in particle physics. Supersymmetry is the hypothesis, for which there is indirect evidence, that the underlying laws of nature are symmetric between matter particles (fermions) such as electrons and quarks, and force particles (bosons) such as photons and gluons.